超輕型飛機手冊
[自制飛機圖紙]ings.7z
[MONERAI滑翔機]
一般運行和飛行規則（CCAR-91-R2）
自制飛機是可能的但是前提是你必須擁有足夠豐富的專業知識，送上一堆圖紙僅供參考。有條件的就買飛機套材吧！有圖紙也不一定能加工出相應的零件。
開始在飛機制造也許你想知道你是否應該建立一個飛機。或者，也許你已 決定建造，但不知道從何處開始。也許你已經開始建立，然後 停止由於某種原因。有許多問題，經常出現有關飛機 建設一般。為什麼要建立一個飛機？什麼是可建造？什麼技能，我需要？什麼類型的飛機，我應該建立？具體來説，什麼是需要在這個過程中的建設 飛機？我該如何克服這些障礙可能會妨礙我完成這個項目？這個 討論和隨後的條款將解決這些問題和其他常見問題，新的建設者常問。自訂飛機建設的一個主要形式的娛樂飛行。當然，許多人 已成功地建造自己的飛機。超過20 000飛機目前正在註冊為 業餘建。很多人都建立一個以上的飛機。幾乎任何人的名義技能 並願意作出的承諾能夠做到這一點。請注意我所提到的“承諾” 。它 重要的是要認識到，建設自己的飛機確實需要一個承諾 個人的部分，是對家庭。我將討論什麼是需要更新。建設飛機 為自己的享受當然是什麼新鮮事。我們可以認為，萊特兄弟被 也許其中的第一個“房屋。 ” 在1947年首次允許個人建立自己的飛機，並有認證的飛行。 1953年，保Poberezny成立地產代理監管局。這開始了一項運動，已經歷 通過本時間。許多人開始享受實際建設的飛機，然後飛往他們。 相信我，在初期是真正的飛機建設。工具包，只是需要組裝 尚未制定。在1970和1980年代的一些新的設計應運而生。風俗 飛機制造開始變得越來越受歡迎。當然，產品責任問題 有助於運動。營銷工具包的設計或不履行相同的法律責任 生產和銷售已完成的飛機。我想簡要地表達我的意見，使用 單詞“ homebuilt 。 ”對我來説，文字的內涵進行了一定的聯想了一個願景 飛機可能不妥善建造。改為“實驗”也沒有激勵 質量的信心。我們認為，實驗飛機作為一個只有查克耶格爾應該飛。 這些話已被使用多年，但我更喜歡使用“定製” 。我們的飛機 正在討論已經發展到通過幾年優質，安全的飛機，在許多情況下 導致的民航界在技術領域。這就是為什麼你會看到我使用的術語“自定義基礎。 ”為什麼要建立一個飛機？這是一個很好的問題。為什麼就不能購買飛機，然後在我的方式享受飛行。那個 當然可能是最好的解決方案，許多人。決定建造飛機應 只是在經過仔細考慮的許多因素。這不是一個決定掉以輕心。它要求 明確承諾的時間，金錢和努力。這亦是應享有。 如果您的目標僅僅是為了有一個飛機，您可能需要考慮的購買選擇權。但是，如果你認為你可以享受建設然後飛行，採取一切手段繼續閲讀。我想引用評論 瑪麗提出瓊斯在監管局出版Aerocrafter 。 “決定建立一個飛機不是一個 要進入掉以輕心。如果你的承諾，建設-這是一個承諾-你的生活會 更改。這就是為什麼它如此重要的未來的建設者，全面，客觀地評價 他們的理由建設;他們預計的收益作出;和宗旨飛機將。Getting Started In Aircraft BuildingSport Aviation - 10/99By Ron AlexanderPerhaps you are wondering whether or not you should build an airplane. Or maybe you have madethe decision to build but do not know where to begin. Perhaps you have started to build and thenstopped for one reason or another. There are many questions that often arise pertaining to aircraftbuilding in general. Why build an airplane? What is available to construct? What skills do I need?What type of airplane should I build? Specifically, what is required in this process of constructing anairplane? How do I overcome the obstacles that may prevent me from completing the project? Thisdiscussion and subsequent articles will address these and other common questions that new buildersoften om aircraft building is one of the primary forms of recreational flying. Certainly, many peoplehave successfully built their own aircraft. Over 20,000 aircraft are currently registered asamateur-built. Many people have built more than one airplane. Virtually any person with nominal skillsand the willingness to make the commitment can do it. Notice I mentioned the word "commitment." Itis important to understand that building your own airplane does require a commitment on theindividual's part and on the part of the family. I will discuss what is required later. Building an airplanefor your own enjoyment is certainly nothing new. We can consider that the Wright brothers wereprobably amongst the first "homebuilders."In 1947 individuals were first allowed to build their own airplane and have it certificated for flight by thegovernment. In 1953, Paul Poberezny founded the EAA. This began a movement that has enduredthrough the present time. Many people began to enjoy actually building aircraft and then flying eve me, in the early days it was truly aircraft building. Kits that simply needed to be assembledhad not been developed. During the 1970's and 1980's several new designs came into being. Customaircraft building started to become more and more popular. Of course, product liability issuescontributed to the movement. Marketing a design or kit does not carry the same legal responsibility asmanufacturing and selling a completed airplane. I want to briefly express my opinion on using theword "homebuilt." To me that word carries a certain connotation that conjures up a vision of anairplane that might not be properly constructed. The word "experimental" also does not inspireconfidence in quality. We think of an experimental aircraft as one only Chuck Yeager should e words have been used for years, but I prefer to use the words "custom-built." The aircraft weare discussing have evolved through the years into high quality, safe aircraft that in many instanceshave led the aviation community in the area of technology. That is why you will see me use the term"custom built."Why Build An Airplane?This is a good question. Why not simply purchase an airplane and go on my way to enjoy flying. Thatcertainly may be the best solution for many people. The decision to build an airplane should be madeonly after careful consideration of many factors. It is not a decision to be taken lightly. It requires adefinite commitment of time, money and plain hard work. It is also something that should be your goal is simply to have an airplane, you may want to consider the purchase option. However, ifyou think you may enjoy building and then flying, by all means read on. I want to quote a commentmade by Mary Jones in the EAA publication Aerocrafter. "The decision to build an aircraft is not oneto be entered into lightly. If you make the commitment to build - and it is a commitment - your life willchange. That's why it's so important for prospective builders to thoroughly and objectively assesstheir reasons for building; the gains they expect to make; and the purpose the aircraft will serve." ding your own airplane is a very satisfying and rewarding experience. There is something veryspecial in knowing that you have constructed the airplane you are flying. It is very satisfying to fly yourcustom built airplane to an airshow and proudly display it. There are many valid reasons that may bepresented to justify building your own airplane. (By the way, I have been trying to justify owning anairplane for years. Forget about doing that. It is very frustrating.) Let's list some of the reasons tobuild.? You can save money building your own airplane.? Building lets you own a more sophisticated airplane than you might not be able to otherwiseafford.? For many people aircraft building is simply a hobby they enjoy doing.? You will better understand the mechanical aspects of your airplane if you built it. This hasobvious safety benefits.? You can maintain a custom built airplane without an A&P license. No more expensivemaintenance bills. This includes doing your own annual inspection (condition inspection).? You can acquire a particular type of design that is probably not available as a productionairplane.? Aircraft building can (and should be) a family project.? You become a member of an elite group of individuals who share common goals you need any more convincing?What Is Available To Build?This is where the decision becomes difficult and often confusing. There are many aircraft designs andkits available for you to build (over 700 as a matter of fact). Everything from an ultralight to asophisticated cross country airplane. You can create your own design and build it. You can buy a setof plans and build. Another option is to buy a set of plans along with a material kit for the airplane. Andof course, the most popular option today - purchase a kit aircraft. When you purchase a kit airplaneyou are usually trading dollars for time. You will be sent parts and pieces that need to be assembledthus simplifying the process. Building from a set of plans requires more time, less money.A custom built aircraft requires a pilot license to fly in addition to an airworthiness certificate for theairplane. An ultralight does not require a pilot's license or an airworthiness certificate - generallyspeaking. Basically, there are five different types of materials used in building amateur-built are sheet metal, wood, steel tubing, fabric, and composite materials. The majority of custombuilt aircraft require acombination of two or more of these materials. Several designs using sheetmetal only are available and are popular. A large number of tube and fabric airplanes are being builtalong with the increasingly more popular composite aircraft. Composite aircraft are comprised of twoor more basic materials, such as foam and fiberglass, that are combined to make a very strongstructure. The type of aircraft that you choose is largely one of personal preference. You may havesheet metal experience that will enable you to feel more comfortable building that type of may desire a fast, cross-country airplane that might lend itself best to a composite design. Ihighly recommend that you purchase the EAA's Aerocrafter. This annually updated publication listsover 700 aircraft that you can build and fly. It provides information on each aircraft that includescompany information, statistics on each airplane, how many have been sold, how many are flying, is an excellent resource guide for anyone interested in building an airplane. It may be obtainedthrough the EAA by calling 800/557-2376 or online at Is Required To Build An Airplane?RegulationsIt is interesting to note that few FAA regulations exist pertaining to aircraft building. Oneprimary FAR defines an amateur-built aircraft. That regulation is FAR 21.191(g) and it is the heart ofall regulations for the builder of an airplane. This regulation states the following: "Operatingamateur-built aircraft. Operating an aircraft the major portion of which has been fabricated andassembled by persons who undertook the project solely for their own education or recreation." Thisregulation is the basis of custom aircraft building. Notice that one or more persons may build theairplane but they must build it only for their own enjoyment or education. This is the primary restrictionplaced upon the custom builder. Notice it states you must build the major portion of the aircraft. Thatsimply means you must build, assemble or fabricate 51% or more of the FAA maintains a Listing of Eligible kits. To be placed on this listing, the kit manufacturer mustcomplete a checklist regarding the construction of each component part of the airplane. The checklistconsists of three columns: one defining the part and the other two stating who builds the part, eitherthe kit manufacturer or the amateur builder. In completing the checklist the kit manufacturer musthave 49% or fewer of the check marks to ensure compliance with the major portion rule. If this is thecase, the aircraft is then included on the Listing of Eligible kits. Being placed on this list does notconstitute an endorsement by the FAA regarding the aircraft itself. It simply means it meets thecriteria established in the checklist. When you are considering a particular type of aircraft, be sure it isincluded on this list. Regarding materials that you may use to construct your own airplane . . . the FAAdoes not restrict you. You can use anything you like. Now, let's examine that statement. Even thoughyou can legally use any part, you must use discretion and good judgment. We are talking safety. Touse unproven and untested parts or materials is inviting disaster. The FAA inspector who issues yourairworthiness certificate will also want to be sure that you have used quality will want to obtain a copy of Advisory Circular 20-27D. The information contained within thiscircular pertains to the building of an aircraft. You can get a copy through your local FAA district officeor online at . Several websites either have this circular on their site or have a linkto another site that contains it. Your local FAA office should have available and send you a completepackage on aircraft building. It will include all pertinent Advisory Circulars along with the Listing ofEligible shop Space and ToolsIf you have a garage you have enough space to build an airplane. A two-car garage is preferable.(Yes, you will have to sacrifice the well-being of your car.) You will need space for tools, materials,component parts and parts as they are completed. You need a place to work including a couple ofworkbenches. The exact dimensions needed vary according to the type of airplane you are requirements for controlling temperature, noise, etc. also vary. Don't be discouraged frombuilding your own airplane just because you do not have the perfect shop. Many people have built in aone-car garage storing parts inside the house, in an attic or wherever. (You can see that you will needyour family's support.) The most important comment I will make about your workshop is to have itclose to home. If it is located in your home you will be much more inclined to work on the project whenyou arrive home from work. This will also allow your family to more easily participate in the buildingprocess. In their respective manuals, the designer or kit manufacturer will usually present the exactlayout of the workshop space erning tools, again don't base the decision to build on lack of tools. Tools required varyconsiderably depending upon the type of construction. Most people have the basic tools needed. Ifnot, they can be purchased at a reasonable cost. Sheet metal construction will require the highestinvestment in tools. That still does not involve a lot of money. You can buy most of the tools you willneed to build a sheet metal airplane for $1,000-$1,500. Of course, you can spend a lot more if you purchase tools for your project remember that they are a lifetime investment. You may alsobe required to build certain jigs in which to assemble parts. Seldom do the jigs require a largefinancial investment. The bottom line with tools - you need the basics but nothing elaborate. Granted,the more tools you have the easier the job, but you do not have to invest large sums of money toaccomplish the building ls NeededAgain, this varies depending upon the type of construction involved in building your airplane. I want toemphasize that you do not need to be an accomplished craftsman to build your own airplane. Most ofthe skills you will need can be acquired and developed. Knowledge of the basics often can beobtained through the assembly manual provided with the aircraft in addition to books and ing with others who have successfully completed a project is another valuable resource. TheEAA has a Technical Counselor Program wherein knowledgeable builders offer their assistance andguidance. Attending one of the EAA/SportAir workshops will provide you with "hands-on" experiencein the type of construction that you has been my experience that the most important ingredient for the new builder is confidence. Alarge number of people decide against building their own airplane because they lack a confidencelevel regarding their individual building skills and technical knowledge. Let me encourage you not tolet this stop you. There are many resources available to the fledgling builder. I will discuss these indetail later. Look around at people who have successfully built an airplane. Do they possess anyunusual talents or skills? They usually had to develop them just as you will. Gain the basic technicalknowledge needed and then develop your skills through practice. You will start your project with asmall part and if you make a mistake on it - so what? Start over. I can assure you this may ver, as you practice and gain more knowledge you will in turn gain more confidence and makefewer mistakes. If you are willing to learn and devote some time to practice you can learn the skillsneeded for aircraft This is certainly an emotional issue. How long will it take to build your airplane? I wish I could provideyou with a simple answer but I can't. The time issue has too many variables. I can say this - it willprobably take you more time than you think to complete the airplane. You should be mentallyprepared for this. Of course, a plans built airplane will certainly take more time to build than a kitaircraft. A "quick-build" kit will require less time to build than a regular factors enter in to the amount of time required to build an airplane. To begin with, you will makemistakes and that will add to your time. You may have to drive to the workshop every time you want todo something on the project. What kind of job do you have? Do you work 8 to 5 every day or do youhave some "chunks" of time you can spend building? What kind of weather do you have where youlive? Maybe you can only work on the airplane during certain times of the year. How clear andconcise are the plans supplied to you? Do you get good builder assistance from the designer ormanufacturer? Is your family actively involved or do they resent the time you spend on the project?As you can see, there is no easy way to accurately forecast the time required. The kit manufacturerwill provide you with an estimate based upon somewhat ideal conditions. They can only estimatebased upon their experience and the experience of other builders. If you want a good estimate, talk toother people who have built the same type of airplane you are considering. After a sampling of a fewpeople you can more accurately predict the time. Average building times for most kit aircraft vary fromabout 800 hours to 2,000 hours. For a plans built you are looking at 3,000+ hours, depending uponthe type of n, this should not be a deterrent to your decision. Remember I mentioned earlier that you shouldenjoy the building process. So what if it takes longer than you thought. You are developing skills,involving the family and having a good time while you of the most important things to remember is to break the project down into small pieces. If youtend to look at the overall project and its completion, you are more likely to become d one piece at a time. Concentrate on a tail surface, a wing, etc. Don't set unrealistic goals foryourself. Many a project sits idle today because the builder became discouraged by thinking theaircraft should have been completed in less time. Will you become discouraged while building?Probably. What have you ever accomplished in your life that was worthwhile where you did notexperience discouragement?Finances RequiredThis issue is much easier to predict than the time element. Most of the time you will have a good ideaas to how much the airplane will cost when complete. Numbers are available. You can talk to otherbuilders. You can sit down and plan this out. However, a few things are worthy of mention. When youpurchase the materials or a complete kit, you will incur a number of additional expenses. A few ofthem to consider are: (1) shipping cost for the kit, (2) engine, (3) propeller, (4) avionics, (5) paint and(6) upholstery. There may be other items that you will have to purchase depending upon what isincluded in the kit you are building a plans built airplane, you will be able to purchase materials on an as-needed will help your cash flow. Several kit manufacturers also allow you to buy certain portions of theairplane individually. You can often buy a tail kit, wing kit, fuselage kit, etc. each separately. That toowill help cash problems. Financing is available for purchasing a custom built airplane. There are anumber of companies that will loan money for this purpose. Some of the kit manufacturers will helparrange financing. How much will it cost? Of course, this depends upon the type of airplane you can spend anywhere from $5,000 or less to over $300,000. The average kit price will usually runbetween $15,000 and $25,000. After purchasing engine, propeller, etc. you will have anywhere from$25,000 to$50,000 on an average. Remember that this will vary considerably one way or the other from one kitto another. As I mentioned earlier, a plans built airplane will cost less to build than a kit. With a plansbuilt you are actually constructing each part and then assembling the airplane. With most kits you willbe buying pre-made parts and then assembling them. The bottom line - there is a price range foralmost every person interested in custom subsequent issues I will answer additional questions that will assist you in getting started on yourbuilding project. Such things as how to involve your family, problems and obstacles, FAA inspectionsand information on how to actually make the decision will be discussed.
